Challenges of Managing a Non-Profit Organizations Essay -- Business

There are different challenges a non-profit organization face, although I believe that those same challenges are faced on for profit organization either at the same level or very similar. Trust is an issue that both non-profit and for profit organizations will encounter at some point in their business and therefore they would need to be as transparent as possible. Transparency entitles you to provide clear statements of where your money goes, how it is utilized in your organization, and how it is making your organization accomplish their goals. It is not the only thing that is necessary to make the stakeholders, other business, employees or anyone interested in other business to trust in your organization. For a non-profit organization trust is a key element to engage volunteers, donors and other business; without trust chances are that the organization might fail to achieve their mission. Trust is acquire by performing the goals you have set for your mission and not deviatin g from it, at least not too far from achieving the organizations goals either for non-profit or for profit organization. It is also important to have a plan (Taylor-Hamm) in case there is a catastrophic event that might jeopardize your organization, it will help you foresee adverse situations and you will be better prepared in case your first plan fails. Performance challenges are faced in the same manner on both types of organizations non-profit and for profit organization. However they might be measured in a different way due to the different types of mission they have set for themselves and the different outcome they might expect. There are different ways that a manager can measure the work performance of their employees, by what they produce, b... ...that I should mention and that is that most of these corporations that have partnered with Children’s Miracle have been with them for more at least 10 years. What is most important of all the sponsors is that they share a common vision with Children’s Miracle. There is one thing that left me amazed and that was that most of the sponsors do some other type of fundraising for other organizations and that that like RE/MAX says â€Å"the power of many is to make a difference...they have learned that genuine compassion in life directly corresponds to meaningful success in business and that in RE/MAX is called Premier Community Citizenship-performing ordinary acts of extraordinary generosity† (Children’s Miracle). If there has been a problem that might have affected either Children’s Miracle or their sponsors and than that sponsor is no longer part of this tremendous cause.

marxism Essay -- essays research papers

How convincing was the Marxist critique of the capitalist state? This next unit of theory is entitled "Ideology and Discourse." The theorists we're examining--Althusser, Bakhtin, and Foucault--are discussing how ideology works, and how ideologies construct subjects. All of these theorists are coming from a Marxist perspective, using ideas and terms developed in Marxist theory, though only Althusser actually claims to be a Marxist. So to start off, I want to talk a bit about some basic ideas of Marxist theory. Marxism is a set of theories, or a system of thought and analysis, developed by Karl Marx in the nineteenth century in response to the Western industrial revolution and the rise of industrial capitalism as the predominant economic mode. Like feminist theory, Marxist theory is directed at social change; Marxists want to analyze social relations in order to change them, in order to alter what they see are the gross injustices and inequalities created by capitalist economic relations. My capsule summary of the main ideas of Marxism, however, will focus on the theoretical aspects more than on how that theory has been and is applicable to projects for social change. As a theory, Marxism is pretty complicated. You can think of Marxism as being three types of theory in one: philosophy, history, and economics. First, Marxism is a philosophical movement; Marx's ideas about human nature, and about how we know and function in the world come from traditions articulated by Hegel, Feuerbach, Kant, and other German philosophers. All of these guys, including Marx, are interested in the relation between materialist and idealist philosophy. As a philosopher, Marx helps create and define a branch of philosophy called DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM. Materialism in general is the branch of Western philosophy from which science (Aristotelian or Newtonian) comes. Materialist philosophy is based on empiricism, on the direct observation of measurable or observable phenomena; materialist philosophy is interested in studying how the human mind, via the senses, perceives external reality, and particularly with the idea of how we know things "objectively," without the interference of emotions or preconceived ideas about things. Materialist philosophy often wants to ask how we know something is real, or, more specifically, how we know that what is real IS real, and... ...other forms of ideology (like religious ideology), and thus can provide insights into how ideologies are structured, and what their limits are. This view is also followed by Georg Lukacs, who argues that Marxist literary criticism should look at a work of literature in terms of the ideological structure(s) of which it is a part, but which it transforms in its art. For other Marxists, including Bertolt Brecht, Walter Benjamin, and Louis Althusser, literature works the way any ideology does, by signifying the imaginary ways in which people perceive the real world; literature uses language to signify what it feels like to live in particular conditions, rather than using language to give a rational analysis of those conditions. Thus literature helps to create experience, not just reflect it. As a kind of ideology, literature for these critics is relatively autonomous, both of other ideological forms and of the economic base. You can't trace one-to-one direct ties between literature and any particular ideology, or between literature and the economic base. (When you can, we call it bad literature; literature directly linked to an ideology we call "propaganda," for instance).

McDonaldization of Society

Ritzer’s theory of McDonaldization proposes a new interpretation of modern world order, social structure of society and business relations. Efficiency is one of the main components of McDonaldization. Ritzer (2000) explains: â€Å"McDonald's offers efficiency, or the optimum method for getting from one point to another. For consumers, this means that McDonald's offers the best available way to get from being hungry to being full† (9). Efficiency helps companies to adopt particular cause of action. Efficiency means the best solution to meet the needs of parties involved. Efficiency involves the identification of a problem or issue which requires consideration. At this stage there will be a decision to do nothing or pursue the issue. For instance, fast food restaurants help customers to save time and money. People can buy meals in a short period of time ‘without leaving their cars’ (9). Efficiency can be explained as rationality, fast service delivery and low cost solutions.   Continued change is inevitable and likely to develop at an even faster rate. â€Å"The fast-food model offers people, or at least appears to offer them, an efficient method for satisfying many needs† (10). A salad bar is a vivid example of efficiency: a customer buys a plat and creates a salad himself. By keep ­ing the objectives in mind and always looking for ways in which both parties can work together to achieve their common objectives, it should be easier to reach a mutually acceptable service. If efficiency concept is followed, the company is required to identify possible courses of customers’ action to solve the problem. www.expedia.com is a travel agency which follows an efficiency principle in order to deliver quality services at low cost. ‘Self-service’ is the main tool used by Expedia Travel. A client can plan his trip or vocation according to his budget and wants. A client calculates the price of his trip himself and can reduce its cost choosing a cheaper hotel or flight. This self-service presents opportunities for diverse customer groups. This approach is interesting to everyone who wants to plan a good vocation at low cost. On the other hand, a client is forced to spend more time on planning and organizing process, mastering new technology and computer skills. The case of Expedia travel shows that in changing environment, the use of technology requires more problem solving skills and the ability to interpret data. Routine tasks requiring a low level of skill are disappearing fast. Used in conjunction with flexible planning, efficiency requires a customer’s participation in service delivery. Using this approach many firms adopted that principle understands it as clients’ participation in planning which have the potential to improve the quality of their work. Any improvement here is said to be beneficial. Important in the above is the recognition that involvement of clients in examining problems and seeking to develop solutions is only one part of the efficiency approach. Moreover, all manner of developments and improvements are discussed in the context of the strategy that management has agreed upon in order to turn the company around. Through involvement of all parties and by bringing in new skills new ways of doing things are sought. Ritzer’s concept of ‘efficiency’ shows that involvement of a customer/client in service delivery process helps companies to reduce operational costs and time. Ritzer underlines that a modern consumer pays for this privilege. Beyond this it is essential that customers are given a chance to seek out and develop cost-effective solutions. Works Cited Ritzer, G. The McDonaldization of Society. Pine Forge Press; 2000.

Cyber Bullying Is the Fastest Growing Trend in Bullying

Cyber bullying is the fastest growing trend in bullying among teens and probably the most dangerous. It gives anonymity to those who don’t want people to actually see them bullying in school. Also, cyber bullying takes away the last sanctuary some of these kids have, their home. What an awful feeling that must be, to come home from a day of being picked on just to be picked on more via internet. Cyber bullying can come in many ways: text message, email, website, blogs, They can be pictures taken from a camera phone sent to many people to see. Teens spend a lot of time on the internet using social websites like, Myspace and Facebook. These are places where a kid can kind of reinvent himself and exert a little creativity. A place to â€Å"get away† and when those things are taken away the results can be disastrous. This was a difficult paper for me to write. I tend to be an empathetic person and reading all of the horrible stories about children taking their own lives and suffering all that abuse really broke my heart. I, like most people, experienced bullying in middle school and it still bothers me today. I wish there was a way to stop all bullying but over half of bullying incidents go unreported. It is terribly sad that millions of children suffer every day at the hands of bullies. These poor souls can go their entire lives living in fear and feeling completely weakened and insufficient. I know first hand the damage caused when a depressed person takes his own life. Learned Helplessness is a lie. There is always a way out, always steps that can be taken. Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem. If only we could get these bullied kids to see that they aren’t alone and that they are capable, wonderful kids. They need to understand that their identity is not defined by these heartless and cruel actions. We may not be able to stop the bullying but we can certainly diminish the lasting effects. I tutor a 5 year old that struggles with being picked up. They make fun of the way his head is shaped and it is horribly remarkable how fast he has become sensitive about the way he looks. Some days you can see the defeat in his eyes and in the way that he moves. It is heart breaking. I am going to close with a poem written by a 14 year old girl whose best friend committed suicide as a result of being bullied.

Pharmacy Technician

Unit 1 PART A Pharmacology at Work 1. What are the requirements for dispensing schedule II and III prescriptions? Name some examples of each. Schedule II can only be prescribed in person, unless it’s an emergency. Schedule II’s dispensing is very strict since it has a high possibility of abuse. An example of schedule II would be morphine, fentanyl and hydromorophone. Schedule III has a moderate potential for abuse. Unlike schedule II which doesn’t have refills on prescriptions, Schedule III can be refilled five times within six months. This has to be approved by a physician.Examples of schedule III are anabolic steroids and codeine with aspirin or acetaminophen. Internet Research 1. Research the career options for trained pharmacy technicians. Write a short (two to three paragraphs) report outlining the qualifications sought by potential employers and explaining how this course will help you succeed in the job market. List at least two Internet sources. One of th e first requirements for being a pharmacy technician is the age, which is 18 years old. Pharmacy technicians usually work under supervision of a pharmacist, meaning they are looking for anyone who has somewhat of a working experience.They do need someone that they can rely on as far as knowing their information, which means that a well educated candidate is much needed. Dedication and hard work are other minor requirements as well. This course will help me succeed since it provides a very fine background of being a pharmacy technician. There are a lot of different topics that helps any aspiring technician in achieving what they want to achieve in the future. The course offers so many opportunities to grow and expand one’s knowledge as a pharmacy technician. Unit 1 PART B Pharmacology at Work 2.Explain the concepts receptor, agonist, and antagonist. * Receptor: it is a specific protein molecule that communicates with a messenger. The receptors are on the surface, or sometimes within the cell. They work simultaneously with messengers. * Agonist: it enhances natural reactions of the body. It can bind with a receptor, in which gives the same similar cellular response if the messenger and receptor binds. * Antagonist: drugs that does the opposite of the agonist. It will bind with the receptor site, and it will prevent the response, and also it will inhibit the natural reaction as well. 3.Define half-life. If a drug’s half-life is six hours, how long would it take to remove the drug from the body. * Half-life: it is the estimated time that it takes to eliminate drugs from the body. It is written in T1/2. If the drug’s half-life is six hours, it would take 30 hours to 42 hours to eliminate the drug. Unit 1 PART C 4. List causes for and discuss altered drug response in the elderly. * There are 4 main changes that causes altered drug response in the elderly. Absorption changes affect the breaking down of the drug. It makes it harder as they age to consume and absorb certain drugs.Distribution changes are changes in the body composition of an elder. This affects the main distribution of the drugs throughout the whole body. Elimination changes are mainly caused by a weakened kidney. In order to eliminate certain drugs, a healthy kidney is needed. Metabolism changes such as impaired metabolism can also cause altered drug response. All of these changes in an elderly person can affect their drug response, which results to an altered drug response. 5. List and explain three things to keep in mind when dosing a child. * Making sure that the drug dosage is mainly appropriate for the child’s age. Carefully check all computations that involve the height and weight of a child. * Take time to reevaluate the intervals that are given to all the dosages. Unit 2 PART B Diseases and Drug Therapies 2. Explain why you would not mix amphotericin B with normal saline. * Mixing amphotericin B with normal saline can cause precipitation. Amph otericin B is used to interfere with cell wall permeability, which means it cannot be mixed with other drugs that might cause precipitation. 3. Explain how pulse dosing works. * Pulse dosing is a type of dosing that occurs in one week per month.Pulse dosing can be used to treat fungal nail infections. Unit 3 PART A 4. Discuss local anesthetics. Include (a) advantages and (b) order of function loss. a. Local anesthetics produces transients and it causes a loss of sensation in a certain type of body. The advantages of local anesthetics is that all types of nervous tissues are affected, which includes sensory and motor. It is reversible, but has a recovery in it. b. The order of function loss is as follows: * Pain perception * Temperature sensation * Touch sensation * Proprioception * Skeletal muscle tone 5. Discuss narcotics.Include (a) reactions and (b) analgesic ladder. a. Narcotics are drugs that alleviate pain. It can cause local spasms and reduced linear movement. Some of the mor e common effects are less alertness, urinary retention, constipation, drier mouth, and inflammatory process. b. Analgesic ladder: it is a guideline that will help which type of narcotics to use, depending on the pain rate. Unit 3 PART C Dispensing Medications Identify a possible disease state that is being treated. 1. 25 year old woman: Parlodel * Prolactin secretion 2. 10 year old boy: Zarontin * Absence seizures 3. 50 year old man: Parlodel * Parkinson’s disease . 50 year old man: Sinemet * Parkinson’s disease 5. 20 year old man: Symmetrel * Influenza 6. 50 year old man: Emsam * Depression 7. 50 year old man: Provigil * Excessive Sleepiness 8. 10 year old boy: Ritalin * ADHD 9. 35 year old man: Rilutek * Amyoptrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 10. 25 year old woman: Betaseron * Relapsing-remitting MS Unit 4 Part B Diseases/Drug Therapies 6. Discuss the agents used to treat obesity listed in the chapter and their mechanism of action. * Here are some of the agents used to treat obesity: diethylpropion, phentermine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, and sibutramine.There are several effects of these drugs such as central nervous system stimulation, GI symptoms of dry mouth, nausea, and also cardiovascular hypertension. Dispensing Medications 7. Which are the most common forms of hepatitis? Which forms should one be vaccinated against? What is meant by at risk? * He most common form of Hepatitis is Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B can be vaccinated in order to prevent obtaining the disease. Hepatitis is at risk since it can easily spread if you don’t get vaccinated. The different time periods required for Hepatitis vaccinations allows a less risk to spread the disease. Unit 4 Part CDisease/Drug Therapies 6. Fill in the following chart with names of appropriate medications. ————————————————- Thizaide Diuretics Hydrochlorothia zide Methclothiazide ————————————————- Loop Diuretics Bumetanide Ethacrynic acid Furosemide Torsemide Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Amiloride Epleronone Spironolactone Triamterene ————————————————- Osmotic Diuretics mannitol ————————————————- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors acetazolamide methazolamide ————————————————- Miscellaneous DiureticsIndapamide Metolazone Unit 4 Part D Diseases/Drug Therapies 1. Identify four types of drugs used to treat arrhythmias. List two drugs per group. * Membrane-Stabilizing Agents: Disopryamide and flecainide. * Be ta Blockers: acebutolol and atenolol. * Potassium Channel Blockers: amiodarone and dofetilide. * Calcium Channel Blockers: amlodipine and diltiazem. Unit 5 Part A 1. List four ways to block normal muscle function. * By blocking release of ACh * Prevent destruction of ACh at nicotinic receptors * Prevent ACh from reaching nicotinic receptors * Other agents that continuously bind to ACh nicotinic receptors 2. Explain how Ultram works It acts by binding to opiate receptors. It is used for severe and moderate pain. It is slow, but when it begins to act, paint control appears to be equal to what narcotics provide. Unit 5 Part B 3. List the symptoms of diabetes * Infections that are frequent * Glycosuria * Polyuria and Nocturia * Vomiting, weight loss, nausea, visual changes * Slow wound healing 4. List and identify the differences in the thyroid medications. * There are two types of thyroids that are needed of medications. Hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine or thyroid extract i n comparison to Hyperthyroidism which is treated with propylthiouracil and methimazole.Unit 5 Part C 1. Define the terms fungicide, disinfectant, germicide, and antiseptic. * Fungicide: Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal pores. * Disinfectant: It has the ability to inhibit all forms of infectious organisms without being toxic to the patient or inducing sensitization of human tissues. * Germicide: Ability to destroy microorganism. * Antiseptic: Used to disinfect instruments and to treat accessible infection in the oral cavity and the body surfaces. Unit 6 Part A 2. Define remission Remission is the condition in which a tumor is inactive with no cell division or growth which is the main goal for chemotherapy. 3. Define resistance * Resistance is the lack of responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Unit 2 Part A Internet Research 2. Research one of the disease states mentioned in this chapter. Write a short report that describes th e disease, its etiology, signs, symptoms, and treatments. List your Internet sources. Chlamydia Description: Chlamydia is a disease caused by bacteria, Chlamydia trochamatis. It is often transmitted sexually, and is one of the most common STDs.Etiology: Chlamydia trochamatis is a bacteria that requires a host. The bacteria react differently in males and females. Signs and Symptoms: Male symptoms include burning sensation while urinating, discharge from the penis, tenderness of the testes, and rectal discharge. Female symptoms include burning sensation while urinating, rectal pain, pain while having sexual intercourse, and discharge from vagina. The signs can be tested by sampling discharge from urethra from males, while cervical secretions from females. Treatments: Antibiotics work well against bacteria related disease.Some of the treatments are tetracyclines, azithromycin, or erythromycin. Internet Resources: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002321/ Chapter 3 Part B Internet Research 1. Find Internet resources listing potential drug and food interactions for three of the antidepressants discussed in this chapter. Do you think the information provided on these sites is reliable? Why or why not? Create a table listing the drugs you researched along with their corresponding drug and food interactions. Internet resources: * http://www. cfids. org/resources/antidepressants. sp The information provided on this specific website is reliable. There are a lot of sources provided that supports whatever was provided. All of the information listed is also consistent in comparison to the book that we are using for the course. Medication:Interactions: Bupropion Do not take if there is a history of an eating disorder FluoxetineMultiple potential drug and food interactions VenlafaxineCaution if high blood pressure, heart, liver, or kidney disease is present; take with food MitrazapineSpecial warnings; potential drug interactionsUnit 4 Part A 2. Select three pr escription medications discussed in the chapter. Locate the manufacturer’s Web site for each. Describe your process for finding the manufacturer: Did you need to go to another Web site first or did a search on the drug name lead you directly to the site? What type of information was available on the manufacturer’s site? Did it list side effects? Did it list indications and contraindications? Create a table with the manufacturer’s Web site address and a brief description of the site’s information related to that particular drug.Drug: Ipratropium-albuterol (Combivent) Web site address: http://www. combivent. com/ Brief description (from the website): Combivent is the only short-acting bronchodilator that provides 2 different medicines in a single metered dose inhaler. Drug: Dextromethorphan (Delsym) Web site address: http://www. delsym. com/cough-medicine? utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=delsym&utm_campaign=delsym Brief description (from the websi te): Delsym is the #1 recommended Over-The-Counter single active ingredient cough suppressant among InternistsFrom the two websites listed, the manufacturers listed every information that the consumers need. All I needed to do was google search it and the website will be the first one to pop out. Some of the information available were the side effects, indications and also contraindications. Unit 6 Part B Internet Research 3. Herbal medicines have become increasingly popular. Use the internet to research two of the herbal remedies covered in this chapter. List two or three medicinal benefits as well as precautions of use for each. List your Internet sources.Herbal Medicine 1: Ginseng Source: http://www. herbalremedypro. com/ginseng. htm Medical Benefits: It is used for sufferers of libido. Ginseng can also boost one’s immune system. Lastly, it can control blood sugar as well, which can help many diabetic patients. Precautions: Not taking ginseng along with other medications, and also you cannot take ginseng under certain conditions such as being pregnant. Herbal Medicine 2: Valerian Source: http://tlc. howstuffworks. com/family/valerian-herbal-remedies. htm Medical Benefits: It is mainly used to cure anxiety and lack of sleep.It is also a bath additive which relaxes the body. Precautions: One of the main precautions is just drug abuse. Explain why professionalism is important to the pharmacy technician. Visit pharmacies in your area and observe the pharmacists and technicians working there. What characteristics do they exemplify? Professionalism is such an important aspect of any job in the medical field. The reason is because you have to be able to keep things in confidentiality, which requires professionalism. Another aspect of professionalism would be loyalty and trust that you will do your job rightfully.When I visited my local area to observe pharmacists and technicians, the first thing I see is the way they handle themselves. Every costumer that c omes up to them they already knows what to do. All the protocols and everyday procedures, they do it with little effort. Even though they are composed well, majority of them have nice approachable personalities still. One thing about being professional is the ability to be approached by a customer. Overall the characteristics of these jobs interest me, because I myself have certain qualities that are perfect to be a pharmacy technician.

Descartes ; Hume’s Theory on Knowledge

Knowledge is the things that one has taken into itself and made the decision to believe that it is true. This leads to the question, what makes certain obtained pieces of knowledge true? Descartes would doubt everything until he came to an absolute and undeniable truth. If he had any reason to doubt something, it could not be true knowledge. Descartes then discovered one thing that he could not doubt and that is â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † He says that if he can think, then he knows that he exists. I agree and disagree with Rene Descartes theory of how we have knowledge.Just because you have doubt about something does not necessarily mean there is no knowledge of it. What one may doubt, another person may have knowledge of. So is that person’s knowledge false? I say no. There are many situations like that. One may doubt the existence of God, but I do not doubt it. Since we all have our own beliefs, it does not mean one is wrong. So I do not agree with him saying th ere is no knowledge of things that he has the slightest doubt about. I do agree with his famous line â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † If one has the brain activity to think, then yes they do exist and that is certain.Since I am thinking, then I do have knowledge that I certainly exist. On the other hand, if one is in a coma then I still do believe that they exist. If you are living, breathing and your heart is beating then you without doubt exist even though you are not really thinking. One in a coma does have the ability to think once out of the coma so therefore they still exist. Hume was an empiricist and he believed that all knowledge comes through experience. If you want to know anything about what the world is like, you have to go out and explore; you cannot simply sit, think really hard and hope to come up with knowledge.He believed, along with the fact that knowledge is learned through experience, that a person's experiences are nothing more than the subjects of his o r her own perception. The knowledge of anything comes from the way it is observed through the five senses. Hume began to differentiate between feelings and thoughts. Feelings are only impressions made upon the body, and thoughts arrive from impressions; meaning you cannot have feelings on things you have not experienced. I do agree that one can gain knowledge through experiences, but also through being taught what we learn in school.In order for us to be taught things in school one had to experience the scientific study, math equation or whatever the material consisted of. People did not just come up with these facts on his/her own. They spent a lot of time researching and experiencing them to gain knowledge about whatever they learned. We do gain knowledge from things we experience on our own as well. The saying â€Å"People learn from their mistakes† is the perfect example. A child touches a hot stove and burns their hand, in doing so; they learn not to touch it because the y will remember what happened. In this case, they do learn from an experience.

Protection and Advocacy disparity for Mentally Ill Persons Research Paper

Protection and Advocacy disparity for Mentally Ill Persons - Research Paper Example In the recent past, advocacy widened to entail the prerequisites and needs of people with trivial psychological conditions, today, the protection and advocacy concept covers everyone that is part of the mental health treatment processes. The different initiatives are supposed to benefit the mental health patients and their families at depth; however, in some areas, the concept is not that effectual. The comprehensive movement markedly influences cerebral wellbeing initiatives and regulation in some countries where there is significant improvement but some of the areas still need addressing. Appreciably, the concept of advocacy takes responsibility of elevated awareness of the significance of mental health as a prevailing and common condition in people. The main concern comes in because of the neglecting of treatment and care of the mentally ill in the dissertation around healthiness, privileges and equivalence2 (Kenneth, 2014, 1). This is confounding because psychological incapacities are prevalent, affecting a significant number of people around the globe. Additionally, the familiarity of people with cerebral infirmity is one categorized by diverse intertwined echelons of disparity and discrimination within the social order. Strategies aimed at achieving correct parity of every one need comparable determinations to realize applicable egalitarianism for people with psychological incapacities. Essentially, fundamental aspects such as deficiency, inequity, vagrancy and acumen are major contributors to the jeopardy for mental illness treatment and care; in fact, they faci litate most of the negative influences increasing overall disparity3 (WHO, 2003, 6). An approach based on psychological susceptibility should focus on exploiting the normal human aspects of patients by valuing their intrinsic formality, personal