Global competitiveness of the company Unilever in Pakistan Research Paper

Global competitiveness of the company Unilever in Pakistan - Research Paper Example The government has developed the policies which could keep the costs of production low thereby, providing benefits to private sector. However, legal framework of Pakistan is very weak because of ineffective policies and weak regulatory structures (Asian Development Bank). Infrastructure Resources in Pakistan are limited and the country’s infrastructure needs are massive. It is because of the limited fiscal space and huge gaps in capacity of public sector to develop infrastructure (IPDF). With the increasing multinational companies, a significant development has been observed. However, infrastructure ratings are mixed such as low rank in electric supply and telephone lines and better rank on transport and railways infrastructure (Asian Development Bank). Macro-economy Table shows that GDP growth of Pakistan is 4.1 percent in 2010 as compared to 2.1 percent in 2009. In 2007 the GDP growth rate was 7.0 percent and in next few years it declined significantly which reflects the imp act of global financial crisis. Exchange rate of Pakistan Rupee is Rs.86.21/1$ in 2010 as compared to Rs.60.16/1$ in 2005. It means that Pakistani Rupee has declined significantly against dollar within a period of five years. Inflation has increased from 9.3 percent in 2005 to 12.90 percent in 2010 (Board of Investment: Government of Pakistan). Pakistan economy has faced two major natural disasters in the past few years including massive flooding and earthquake. Because of poor infrastructure and construction, such disasters actually hurt the Pakistan economy. According to CEO, Ehsan Ali Malik, full-year sales target of Unilever declined by 7 percent in Pakistan because of floods (Sharm). Table: Economic Indicators of Pakistan Source:... Global competitiveness of the company "Unilever" in Pakistan Pakistan economy is facing significant challenges because of security concerns and macroeconomic deterioration. Since private sector plays a very critical role in supporting the overall economy therefore, Pakistani government supports and attracts private sector investments. The government has developed the policies which could keep the costs of production low thereby, providing benefits to private sector. However, legal framework of Pakistan is very weak because of ineffective policies and weak regulatory structures. Resources in Pakistan are limited and the country’s infrastructure needs are massive. It is because of the limited fiscal space and huge gaps in capacity of public sector to develop infrastructure (IPDF). With the increasing multinational companies, a significant development has been observed. However, infrastructure ratings are mixed such as low rank in electric supply and telephone lines and better rank on transport and railways infrastructure. Unilever has been pursuing very aggressive marketing strategies. Since company has developed huge range of products and most of the customers are not even aware of the products which belong to company. Therefore, company should develop advertising strategies that promote company image with products and sales should be promoted by attracting the customers to believe in Unilever.

How American football works Essay Example for Free

How American football works Essay Football, also known as American football, is a team game that combines strategy and physical play. The object of football is to advance the ball up the field by running and passing the ball, and scoring a touchdown by crossing the ball into the end zone. Professional football, high school football, and college football are all highly popular spectator sports in the United States. Football History Football originated from a primitive game of rugby played in America in the 1840s. In 1880, Walter Camp, considered the Father of American Football, exchanged the traditional rugby scrum for a line of scrimmage. In 1882, the four down system was introduced to negate Princeton and Yales strategy to hold the ball without trying to score. The following year, Camp reduced the number of players to eleven, and introduced the seven-man offensive line, with a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a full back. The first professional game was played in 1895. The National Football League (NFL) began in the early 1920s. Today, football is one of the most popular sports in the United States. Football Rules Football is played by two teams, with eleven players from each team on the field at a time. A football field is 120 yards long and 53 1/3 yards wide, including a field of 100 yards and two end zones of ten yards each. A game of football consists of four 12-15 minute quarters, depending on the level of play. The game begins with a coin toss. The winning team gets to decide if they would like to receive the ball, or which end of the field they would like to defend in the first half. One team then kicks the ball to the other team. A kick off occurs at the beginning of each half, and after every score. The team that takes control of the ball has four attempts, called downs, in which to advance the ball ten yards. When the offense succeeds in gaining ten yards they receive a new set of downs. If the offensive team fails to gain ten yards after four plays, the other team gets possession of the ball. The ball is put into play by a snap, where the center passes the ball between his legs to the quarterback. The quarterback then has the option to throw or run the ball. Once the quarterback passes the line of scrimmage (an imaginary line across the field from where the ball was snapped), they can no longer throw the ball forward. A down ends when: The player with the ball is tackled to the ground, or has their forward motion stopped by the opposing team; A pass is thrown out of bounds or hits the ground; The ball or player with the ball goes out of bounds; A team scores. An official blows their whistle to signal that a down is over. A change of possession occurs when: A team fails to gain ten yards after four plays; A team kicks the ball off after a score, or at the beginning of a half; A team chooses to punt the ball; A player from the defensive team catches a pass in the air (interception); An offensive player drops the ball after displaying they had possession and a defensive player recovers it (fumble). After a kickoff, punt, interception, or fumble, the ball is live, and the team gaining possession can run with the ball up field. A touchdown is worth six points. A team scores a touchdown when a player runs into or catches a pass in the opponents end zone. After scoring a touchdown, a team has the option to attempt an extra point by trying to kick the ball through the upright. Teams can elect to go for two points and attempt to drive the ball into the end zone on one play, starting from the two or three yard line (depending on level of play). A team scores a field goal, worth three points, by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. A team scores a safety, worth two points, if an opposing player is downed in the end zone. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. Football Tips Good football players are agile. Agility drills include: jumping rope, running through tires, and jumping over cones. There are a variety of lesser contact versions of Football available. Tackle Football is the sport practiced by major professional leagues such as the NFL, but flag football and touch football are varieties that allow the player to be tackled by either touching with two hands or pulling a piece of ribbon or flag off the opposing player. This also allows for Co-ed or womens teams to engage without fear of injury. Football Equipment Football requires each player to have a helmet, shoulder pads, football pants, cleats, and a mouth guard. The game is played with a spheroid shape leather ball. A football is 11 inches long and 22 inches in circumference in the middle.

Approaches Towards Dementia Care

Approaches Towards Dementia Care Peter John Ignacio Jael Wafula Support Planning for Geriatric Health Conditions Introduction Today, our society consists of increasing number of people aged sixty five and over. This is the result of the baby boomer effect in which post world war two children are now in the latter stages of their lives. It is believed that institutions which are inclined in supporting the elderly have to be experts in the health concerns that goes along with ageing. There can be a variety of health conditions an old person can have, these include, but not limited to, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, vision and hearing loss, skin changes, and mental, emotional and psychological changes. The latter, being the focus of this paper, is mostly referred to as the main concern of the elderly not only here in New Zealand but most of the elderly all over the world. Topics involving this will be examined in this paper, such as, the differentiation of person centred approach and non-person centred approach in care of the elderly, techniques in meeting the fluctuating abilities and needs of elder people with conditions in mentation, impacts of cultural diversity and impacts of health sector standards on the person-centred model of managing individuals with cognitive difficulties, like dementia of senior members of the community and other geriatric related health conditions. Person-centred approach First to be examined is the person centred approach which is focused on the elderly person, individual resident, if in a rest home setting; a particular patient, if in a hospital setting; or the senior citizens, in society as a whole. It is the principle of knowing the person being cared for, comprehensively, not only the health concern or the disease that they have. People even in the advance stages of their lives have the right to be treated with respect and dignity. To do this, it is paramount to know the person as who he or she is and how he or she would like to be treated. First and foremost is knowing the name of the patient, resident or any individual being cared for. This is the basic thing to know by heart and not to be undermined. It is easy to forget names at times but it is important to make sure to know and remember names of persons being cared for especially the elderly. This can be done by regularly checking the charts or records of clients and using their names when c ommunicating with them on a daily basis. In turn, this can help in remembering and fully knowing the clients’ names and even furthering the caring relationship between the carers and the people being cared for. In addition to that, knowing clients’ personality and the activities they usually do would definitely help in establishing an outstanding relationship. Things like, hobbies, routines and favourites of the elderly are always good to know especially if they are residing in a facility that would benefit from these personal information for the continuity of care and to have harmonious client carer relationship altogether. In this way, satisfaction of elderly clients would be maintained and honoured. For elderly clients with dementia or similar health conditions, it is also indispensable to protect their rights. Western countries, New Zealand included, and other developed nations are very strict with regards to this. Clients, whatever their age is, should be treated and cared for in accordance to the bill of rights that everyone should respect and pay attention to, especially when caring for elderly clients. Included in this bill is the right of privacy. Privacy is still very important when caring for elderly clients. They are still fully aware of their surroundings and the things that make them uncomfortable should be avoided. The right of choice is also another factor that should be maintained in the life of the elderly. This means that clients have the right to choose of any aspect of their care. They are free to prefer being independent and to preserve their autonomy in everyday decision making, and of course the freedom from coercion or unconsented experiment or study that may be performed for the advancement of the geriatric medical field. Non-person-centred approach On the other hand, the non-person-centred approach to dementia and other advanced age related health concerns have a different precepts or premise. There are two common theme considered in the said approach. These are institution perspective and bio-medical perspective. The first one being focused in the welfare of the facility as the name implies. The reputation and the credibility of the institution is utmost important and to maintain a good image to the public, and perhaps to retain the funding provided by the government, institution perspective oriented facilities make sure that the elder clients are well taken care of. While the second one which is bio-medical perspective has its attention directed with the physical anomalies that elderly clients have. The main objective is to treat the disease and prolong life, which sometimes may overlook the most important factor in caring for the seniors, the getting to know part and truly addressing the needs of the clients not just the phy sical or bio-medical needs but the one that matters the most for clients of the said age group, the social and psychological aspect. Techniques used to meet needs of individuals with dementia and common geriatric health conditions To address further the needs and concerns of the senior citizens, there are some techniques used in various healthcare fields and facilities. The first to be discussed is the reality-orientation approach. This is about informing the clients of the current happening or event in the environment. For example, reorienting elderly of the time, date and place where they are at. This technique is very helpful in eliminating confusion and promoting clients’ confidence in performing activities for the day. In addition to the said events to be reoriented, familiar people and family members would facilitate better memory for the elderly. By seeing their relatives or hearing their names and stories about them, clients’ memory will be stimulated hence, vastly promotes confidence and lessen confusion and disorientation. Furthermore, the simplest but most important way to reorient clients is sometimes forgotten, this is using clients’ names always when communicating with them a nd informing them of activities they need to participate with for the day. For example, when entering a client’s room for his or her breakfast, a carer should knock on the door and politely call the client’s name to wake him or her up and encourage him to eat breakfast and to do succeeding client activities for the day. This will then make the client aware of his or her own surroundings and activities to be done. Therefore giving them confidence and feeling of self-worth. The next technique which is gaining popularity is the validation approach, it is inclined with accepting the client, understanding and somehow putting one’s self into the shoes of the clients. By doing this, elderly clients will be more responsive to interventions, they will be more active in communication and therefore will be more happy and contented. By agreeing to them and not contradicting their understanding of things it will be easy for the carer to redirect and divert the attention of the elderly to the right path or correct thinking. Thus, frustrations that may lead to depression would be minimized or even eliminated. Third technique is called assistive technologies. This is all about innovation and creativity being applied for not only practical but most importantly, for humanitarian cause. In this technique, modern equipment that can be used in everyday life are designed to promote independence, reduce risks and improve the quality of life of not only elderly clients but younger people with disabilities as well. Good examples of these technologies applied for the benefit of the elderly are clocks and calendars that have particular properties to prevent disorientation to time and date. Another are locator devices, these can be in a form of key ring or Velcro belts and bracelets that clients can wear and can be activated in cases of wandering and being lost. There is another type of elderly friendly technology that is very useful in ensuring safety and security for clients who are living by their own. This is called â€Å"Telecare†. It utilizes sensors that are installed around the clientâ €™s home and connected to a telecommunication device. This amazing technology detects environmental changes inside the house, such as, extreme temperatures, floods and even gas leaks. It also senses the client’s movements. For example, if the client is often getting up at night to go to the toilet or if there are risk of falls, this are detected by the sensors and appropriate communication will be submitted to the nominated person. These various forms of technologies prove to be very helpful in keeping the seniors safe and secure while maintaining their need to be independent and fully functional on their own (Alzheimers Society, 2015). Forth to be examined is the reminiscence techniques. The premise of having psychotherapeutic measures that pertains to the life story of the elderly and how they lived their lives, focusing on the good and minimizing the regrets and resentments from previous events in the old persons’ lives. This approach is proven to improve clients’ mood. Cognitive ability and over-all well-being for clients with mild to moderate dementia. In some way it is inclined and similar to reality orientation approach in aspects of involving relatives and family members who are very close to the client and even those who played enormous roles in the life of the elderly in the past. This will lighten their days knowing that they still know and remember such important events and people. This in turn, will give empowerment, independence and autonomy in accomplishing everyday tasks, as aimed by other techniques of meeting senior client’s needs especially ones with dementia and similar cogni tive difficulties (The Institute of Research and Innovation in Social Services, 2015). Lastly among the techniques utilized for elderly clients, there is the holistic approach. This is mainly involved in simple things that comprises the totality of a client’s life. Included in this approach is the environment of the client. Basic things such as how furniture are arranged, proper lighting at home, reduction of clutters and other potential hazards to the elderly would vastly improve the way they live and can minimize or even eliminate accidents that most of the senior people dreaded. Sometimes this fear of mishaps may cause lack of confidence in doing activities on their own, hence, leading to sedentary life style. This then would have a negative impact on clients’ over-all health and may contribute in further deterioration of physical and psychosocial well-being. To alleviate this and supplement the environmental modification, it is invaluable for the carers to have effective communication with the elderly so that techniques of care will yield favourable o utcomes. Communication can be in a verbal or non-verbal form. It should be assured that both modes of communication are comforting and not threatening to the elderly. The clients will be more compliant and will be more participative in care and activities if carers use proper, polite and effective communication. In addition to environment and communication, there is the aspect of nutrition and engagement to physical activities for the elderly clients. With older clients, nutrition and hydration is very important to maintain good health and avoid discomforts. For example, discomforts caused by difficulty in elimination or constipation. By providing clients with high fibre diet and encouraging them to increase fluid intake, the said discomfort can be significantly reduced. Finally, it is also a must to engage elderly clients in regular physical activities. Every morning exercises, brisk walking around the facility and simple games with balls and hoops can be of great help for the seni ors in stretching their muscles and moving their joints. This will give clients time to spend to socialize with other clients, carers and their family, avoid boredom and minimise development of challenging behaviours. Impacts of equality, culture and diversity on provision of person-centred approach The most observable impact of culture, diversity and equality on person-centred approach of care seems to be positive in nature. Mostly positive in the sense that person-centred approach is all about caring for an individual. Having specific plan of treatment and care for a certain client. Applying individualize measures that would meet the specific needs of a certain individual based on culture is a very good example. While doing this, diversity and equality is being respected and recognized. Impacts of health sector standards and code of practice and other published standards on person-centred practice approach The health sector has established standards, policies and procedures that have made a huge impact on approaches and measures in managing health concerns of the elderly. The main code that affects person-centred approach is the well-known and widely accepted, Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights. This is very good in promoting person-centred care because it emphasises on rights of clients not just the elderly but persons with disabilities and those who are vulnerable in the society. The code implies the respect in clients’ privacy, autonomy, dignity, right to fair treatment and appropriate standards of care, right to complete and accurate information and communication, right to support, rights during teaching and research and the right to complain. All of the said rights pertain to the individual and emphasises on respecting the individual as anyone would like to be respected. It is believed that this is the same premise of person-centred approach in one way or another (Health and Disability Commissioner, 2009). Conclusion After analysing various approaches and techniques in managing older people with dementia and other geriatric-related health conditions, such as, person-centred and non-person-centred approach, reality orientation, validation approach, assistive technologies, reminiscence techniques, holistic approach and impacts of equality, culture, diversity and effects of standards and codes of practice in the health sector, it is therefore concluded that people with advance age and are living with symptoms of dementia or age related health concerns benefit the most in care that is inclined in a person-centred type of health management. It is proven that elderly clients live better, maintain or even boost their confidence, retain autonomy or independence, preserve their dignity and have vast improvements in their over-all quality of life with the help of the said techniques and approaches to care which is centred to the seniors themselves. References Alzheimers Society. (2015). Assistive technology devices to help with everyday living Alzheimers Society. Retrieved from http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=109 Health and Disability Commissioner. (2009). Health and Disability Commissioner Code of Rights. Retrieved from http://www.hdc.org.nz The Institute of Research and Innovation in Social Services. (2015). Supporting those with dementia: Reminiscence therapy and life story work IRISS Insights, no.4 | IRISS The Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services. Retrieved from http://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/supporting-those-dementia-reminiscence-therapy-and-life-story-work

Free College Essays - Tolerance of Sin in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Tolerance of Sin The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are changes occurring in our society constantly, in many different ways. We witness these changes through religion, politics, and family. In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Puritan woman named Hester Prynne is sentenced and ridiculed for committing the sin of adultery.   The situation with Hester in this novel is not relevant to today’s society because of the acceptance and tolerance of sin in contrast to the Puritan times. The common people of the Puritan society in which Hester resides, consider her to be an outcast and disappointment to their community. Hester is ostracized from the district and decides to move out to a cottage by the sea. Today’s society is much more open and able to overlook sins of the past. In much the same situation as Hester’s, one would receive support from her family.. The government takes this information into account and does not hold formal punishment for such a sin today. When contemplating the decision of whether to convict Hester Prynne, one woman of the self-appointed judges became outraged. â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die. Is there no law for it? Truly there is, both in the scripture and the statute-book. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters go astray!† [sl02.html#g07]. This took place in the novel, and afterward Hester was tried and convicted of adultery, for which she served a sentence of three years.   This would not happen in today’s society, but instead the woman would have some big decisions of her own to make. There are many possibilities that come into play such as abortion and adoption that all young mothers must consider. This decision can influenced by the authority in terms of the mother’s and the baby’s best interest. However, for most cases, the government does not determine the happenings of the child by force. Hester Prynne was a Puritan woman, but she was forced aside from the group when the news of her sin arrived to the common people. She was a member of â€Å"as befitted a people amongst whom religion and law were almost identical...that the mildest and the severest acts of public discipline were alike made venerable and awful† [sl02.

Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Lab Essay

In conclusion it was found that the activation energy of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with the help of the catalyst KI is . When compared to an actual value there was a percent difference of 43%. In fact the actual value that was used is the activation energy of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of a catalyst. So in reality it is likely that a catalyst would cause the activation energy to be even smaller, and the percent difference would be even greater. The only reasonable explanation as to why the calculated activation energy is so much greater is that somewhere during the experiment a random error occurred but since only two trials were done, it is impossible to pinpoint where it exactly occurred. When looking at graphs 1-4 it can be seen that as time went on the pressure increased exponentially. This makes sense because over time the amount of gas increased, and so the pressure would increase too. In addition in graphs 1-4, if a curved line of best fit were to be plotted, than the y-intercept would show the pressure of the room at the moment the experiment was conducted. There were quite a few weaknesses and limitations in this lab. The biggest weakness in this lab was probably the fact that the experiment was conducted at only two different temperatures. This in turn only allowed for two points to be graphed on graph 5 (ln K vs 1/T). Having only two points on a graph is very inaccurate and imprecise. This is because if for some reason a random error occurred during the procedure, than it would be impossible to tell, as there are no other points to compare with. Two trials are not sufficient enough to collect results from; a minimum of five trials should have been done at different temperature increments. Another limitation was the fact that the two different temperatures only had a difference of 10. As seen on graph 5, the slight change in temperature caused the slope to be extremely steep. A weakness in the lab was the fact that the lab was conducted over a period of two days. This in turn caused the temperatures to be different for part two and part three of the experiment when the temperature should have been kept the same. This is seen in the results, during part two the temperature of the water bath was 21.5 and the initial rate was 0.062kPa/s. But since the rate order of was determined to be one, if the molarity of the were to be halved, and the molarity of the catalyst KI were to be doubled, than ideally the initial rate should have remained the same. But it didn’t, since part three was conducted at a different day, the temperature of the water bath that day was 22.7 and that slight change in temperature is what caused the initial rate to increase to 0.076kPa/s. Lastly, when the test tube was put in the water bath, the temperature of the water bath was constantly changing because the temperature of the water was relatively lower than the room temperature. This in turn is what caused fluctuation in the temperature readings. This in turn could have also caused the initial rate to vary because as discussed earlier, even the slightest change in temperature causes the initial rate to change. This experiment can be improved in many ways. One of the main things that can be done is that the experiment should be conducted at different temperatures so that at least a minimum of 5 k values against 1/T can be plotted on graph 5. In addition, the temperature increments should have a relatively broad range, which in turn will make the data and the trends clearer. In addition, the experiment should be conducted on the same day so as the temperature can be kept constant for certain k values. In order to keep the temperature of the water bath constant, the experiment should be conducted in a closed environment so that less energy is lost to the environment. Works Cited â€Å"The Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.† Purdue University College of Science Welcome. Web. 12 Oct. 2009. .

Free Essays on Health Fitness Program Plan

The current health situation in the state of Mississippi is disastrous. The state of MS has the highest percentage of obesity in the United States. The State Health Fact says that in 2001, 61% of Mississippians were obese compared to 56% for the rest of the U.S. Female obesity in the state was a whopping 54% as compared to the rest if the U.S. at 47%. Likewise, the obesity rate for males was 69% as compared to 65% in the rest of the U.S. These figures are alarming, and the MS State Health Department says it is only getting worse. In 2002, 36% of adults were obese and in 2003, 30% of MS high school students were reported to be obese. That equals 66% obesity for the entire state. With the state of MS in downward spiral for health, people need a lifestyle change. My goal is to start a Corporate Fitness plan. Under the current market situation, the company’s position is the creation and implementation of wellness programs. The basic market need is the reduction of corporate costs and the increase in employee efficiency that can be achieved through long-term wellness programs. The profile for Corporate Fitness’ (CF) customer consists of the following: the immediate geographic target is the state of Mississippi; the demographic makeup is 54% female, 69% male, and 36% of these individuals are adult; the behavioral factors are that the targets recognize the need for physical activity in their lives and are willing to utilize fringe benefits that are offered by their employer as part of their compensation package. Upon reviewing the possible competition, the two main competitors of Corporate Fitness are local YMCA’s, whose market is primarily lower-income families and/or students who want accessibility and affordability of fitness facilitates, and local fitness centers and gyms, whose market is primarily middle to upper class who generally are fitness seekers that have a daily regimen. Through threat and opportunity analysis... Free Essays on Health Fitness Program Plan Free Essays on Health Fitness Program Plan The current health situation in the state of Mississippi is disastrous. The state of MS has the highest percentage of obesity in the United States. The State Health Fact says that in 2001, 61% of Mississippians were obese compared to 56% for the rest of the U.S. Female obesity in the state was a whopping 54% as compared to the rest if the U.S. at 47%. Likewise, the obesity rate for males was 69% as compared to 65% in the rest of the U.S. These figures are alarming, and the MS State Health Department says it is only getting worse. In 2002, 36% of adults were obese and in 2003, 30% of MS high school students were reported to be obese. That equals 66% obesity for the entire state. With the state of MS in downward spiral for health, people need a lifestyle change. My goal is to start a Corporate Fitness plan. Under the current market situation, the company’s position is the creation and implementation of wellness programs. The basic market need is the reduction of corporate costs and the increase in employee efficiency that can be achieved through long-term wellness programs. The profile for Corporate Fitness’ (CF) customer consists of the following: the immediate geographic target is the state of Mississippi; the demographic makeup is 54% female, 69% male, and 36% of these individuals are adult; the behavioral factors are that the targets recognize the need for physical activity in their lives and are willing to utilize fringe benefits that are offered by their employer as part of their compensation package. Upon reviewing the possible competition, the two main competitors of Corporate Fitness are local YMCA’s, whose market is primarily lower-income families and/or students who want accessibility and affordability of fitness facilitates, and local fitness centers and gyms, whose market is primarily middle to upper class who generally are fitness seekers that have a daily regimen. Through threat and opportunity analysis...

Multicom Case Essay Example

Multicom Case Essay Example Multicom Case Essay Multicom Case Essay THE MULTI COM CASE Multicom is a small firm employing 150 people in the public rela-tions field. It was started by Jim Walsh, a marketing specialist, and Wendy Bridges, a public relations expert. They had worked together for several years at a medium-sized communications firm and decided to branch out on their own to realize their own ideas as to what a good PR firm could and should be. They felt that their combined expertise and extensive contacts provided an excellent base on which to do this. Before submitting their resignations at their old firm, they persuaded two colleagues, Marie Beaumont and Frank Rossi, to join them as minor-ity shareholders. Walsh and Bridges each held 40 percent of the equity in the new venture; Beaumont and Rossi were each given 10 percent. Rossi was an editor and writer with an excellent reputation, and Beaumont was a well-regarded film and video expert. At first, business was difficult, and they were glad of the corporate clients that they had taken with them from their old firm. Competition was keen, and their old firm seemed subtly to be doing everything it could to block their progress. However, they worked hard, and their reputation steadily grew along with the size of their staff and their earnings. By the end of their second year, the four partners were each earning almost double their previous salaries and building a significant capital investment as well. They felt that they were well on the way to achieving the kind of top-notch com-pany on which they had set their sights. These early years were exciting ones. When they established Multicom, the four partners adopted a client- centered mode of organization. Each partner had certain clients for whom he or she felt a special responsibility, and in effect each became a project manager for these clients. Each developed a reasonable competence in all aspects of the agencys work so that one could substitute for another when necessary. New staff were encouraged to develop the same all-around skills and capacities in addition to their specializations. While this was often time-consuming and expensive, it created great flexibility. The search for new business and continuing contacts with clients took a significant pro-portion of staff away from the office most of the time, so the existence of a number of good all arounders was a real asset. Besides that, it often made work more interesting and enjoyable and added to the general team spirit of the office. The staff at Multicom worked hard, often starting early in the morn-ing and working late at night. They also played hard, throwing regular par-ties to celebrate the completion of major projects or the acquisition of new clients. These parties helped keep morale high and project Multicoms image as an excellent and exciting place to work. The firms clients often attended these parties and were usually impressed by the vitality and qual-ity of interpersonal relations. During the companys third year, however, things began to change. The long hours and pace of life at Multicom were getting to Walsh and Bridges. Both had heavy family commitments and wanted more leisure time. They increasingly talked about the need to get more organized so that they could exercise a closer control over staff and office activities, which, in their view, at times verged on the chaotic. Beaumont and Rossi, however, both of whom were single and at thirty and thirty-one, respec-tively, almost ten years younger than the senior partners, relished the lifestyle and were keen to maintain the firms present character. They would have been happy to shoulder a greater share of the work and responsibility in return for a greater equity in the company, but Walsh and Bridges were reluctant to hand them this sort of control. As time went on, it became clear that there were important philo-sophical differences about the way the office should be run. Whereas Walsh and Bridges regarded the ad hoc style of organization that had developed during the first two years as temporary-necessary until weve sorted out our ideas as to how we want to put this organization together -Beaumont and Rossi saw it as a desirable way of doing business in the longer term. Whereas Walsh and Bridges complained about the frequent absence of staff from the office and the lack of clear systems of responsibility and office pro-tocol, Beaumont and Rossi relished what they often described as their cre-ative chaos. To them, the firm was producing excellent results, clients were happy and knocking at the door, and this was all that mattered. By the fourth year, tensions were close to the breaking point. The four principals frequently found themselves in long meetings about office organ-ization, and the differences were as deep as ever. Walsh and Bridges argued for more system, and Beaumont and Rossi argued for the status quo. The differences were straining personal relations and were having an unfavor-able impact on life in the office generally. Many staff felt that Multicom was in danger of losing its special character and was no longer quite the same fun place at which to work. All four principals sensed this change, and they talked about it fre-quently. However, there was simply no consensus as to what should be done. As a result of general frustration, they began to break an unwritten but golden rule set in the early days of Multi com: that all four would always be involved in major policy decisions. Walsh and Bridges began to meet together and resolved that the only way forward was for them to exercise their authority and to insist that a reorganization of the office be initiated. They agreed to propose this at a meeting with Beaumont and Rossi the fol-lowing day. Walsh and Bridges were surprised. The idea produced little resistance from their two colleagues. It was almost as if it was expected. Beaumont and Rossi insisted that the decision should not be taken without a lot of thought because it represented a major departure. They reiterated their view that no change in office organization was necessary other than a streamlin-ing of a few financial procedures. They were by no means happy with the proposal, but it was clear that they werent going to fight it. The following week Walsh and Bridges called a meeting of all staff to outline their plans. In operational terms, these involved a clearer definition of job responsibilities, a more formalized procedure governing the exchange of staff between projects, and a closer control over the conditions under which staff were to be away from the office during business hours. A num-ber of other office procedures were also introduced. The meeting was unique in Multicoms history in tone and nature. For weeks there was talk about a rift among the four principals and about how winds of change were blowing through the firm. Some members of the staff welcomed the greater degree of structure; others resented the new developments. Staff continued to work hard at their jobs with the profes-sionalism they knew Multicom demanded, but everyone knew that things were not quiet the same. Multicom was no longer working-or playing- the Multicom way. Walsh and Bridges, however, were well pleased. They felt a lot more secure with the way things stood and could see time ahead when they would be able to take a lot of pressure off themselves and let the office run itself within the framework they had begun to develop. Beaumont and Rossi continued to work hard as usual, and their project teams were least affected by the new developments. Within a year, however, they had left Multicom and set up a new company of their own, taking a number of key staff and clients with them. Thanks to a large number of faithful clients, Multicom continued to produce sound financial results, but it gradually lost its reputation as a leading-edge agency. It could be relied on to produce good solid work but was, in the eyes of a number of disaffected clients, â€Å"uninspiring†. Beaumont and Rossi’s new firm, Media 2000, picked up many of these clients and, adopting the new organizational style pioneered at Multicom, re-created a fun business† employing eighty people The firm quickly established itself aa a talented and innovative agency. Beaumont and Rossi take satisfaction in the firm’s reputation and financial success and look back on their days with Multicom as â€Å"a great learning experience†. In retrospect, they view their differences with Walsh and Bridges as a part of a â€Å"Lucky break† that spurred them to find an even more lucrative and satisfying work situation.

Get Top-Notch Academic Papers From Experts

Get Top-Notch Academic Papers From Experts Do you have urgent tasks? Is your assignment complicated that you do not understand how to start it? We are a reputable company that can assist you. We have experts in all fields. They are experienced and have the required qualifications for this type of work. Each of our professionals is an expert in a specific industry, and we consider that when assigning work. Would you love to improve your academic performance? Contact us and enjoy the following benefits on top of quality work: Urgent orders We understand that students can, at times, need services with a fast turnaround. Our company takes care of this by giving your project to a skilled yet fast writer who can handle your work between 3-6 hours based on the workload. However, you may have to pay more for urgent orders. You will pay a fair price when you give us orders with a longer deadline. Strict anti-plagiarism policy Our core objective is to give our clients quality work. We will pass the task through a plagiarism checker before submitting it to you to make sure it is 100% unique. Why Students Ask Us For Help on How to Write an Analytical Essay Students face various challenges in their course of study. One of the significant difficulties includes submitting their academic assignments on time. You may fail to present your work on time because you lack the right skills or realize that you have no idea on how to tackle an analytical task. That is why we offer services that give value for money. We never miss a deadline, and in case you feel that your content needs a few changes, it will be done for free until you are completely satisfied. How to Start an Analytical Essay: Guidelines From Experts There are always dos and donts in everything. Its a no exception in writing an analytical essay. How to start your work determines a lot about its quality. Students tend to be blank, with no idea of where to begin. First of all, before you start composing your project, you should thoroughly understand what your assignment is all about. In simple terms, ask yourself What is an analytical essay? Like any other work, your paper should be structured in three main parts: the introduction, the body and finally, the concluding paragraph, which is mainly a summary of the main points. The introduction should always aim at getting the readers to be interested in what you are writing. The first sentence should capture the readers attention. It must, therefore, be surprising and exciting. Which ways can you hook the reader? You can add a rhetorical question that drives the reader into thinking in a specific way. Secondly, you can include a controversial statement as this gives a reader the urge to know how you are going to support it or how unique your idea is. Thirdly, the student can think of presenting some relevant statistics related to the topic. It is from this introductory statement that the reader can judge if you know how to write a good analytical essay. Next, add a thesis statement. After ensuring that you have a hook that will engage the reader, you need to make a strong claim. The thesis statement should be clear. Structure of Paragraphs From a Professional Point of View In an essay, the thesis statement should be backed up to prove your claims. In this part, a lot of research should be done to get data and facts. The study should support and answer all questions relating to what you are analyzing, be it a book, a film or any other academic work. How you present these ideas is also very important. For instance, make the paragraphs have flow and make sure each section consist of three essential sets of sentences. First, always write the topic sentence. Secondly, have sentences with claims and use evidence to support those claims. These can be three or even more but should not make the paragraph too lengthy. Write the main ideas precisely and avoid beating around the bush. Finally, have a concluding statement that connects what you have discussed in that paragraph and how it relates to the topic sentence. After you have presented your main ideas in the body, one more paragraph is needed to wrap up your main statements: the conclusion. It should not bring out any new thoughts and should not be a direct copy of what you have said in the body. You can relate this to the real world and maybe finish with a quote. The concluding paragraph is just a brief explanation of how to write an analytical essay step by step as it summarizes the main points. Tips for Writing an Analytical Essay from Our Experts Besides knowing what you need to talk about, students need to understand and make use of some tips to ensure they present flawless work. These tips do not just make your work quality, but also give you an easy time to structure and present your content the ideal way. Note that the structure is as important as the ideas to be displayed. Know the Objectives of the Analysis Beforehand First of all, you must know the goal of your analytical paper before you begin to write. Let your intentions be precise, so you do not have to outline lots of irrelevant information. Knowing objectives helps present arguments and claims on what you are analyzing. Ideas can be broken down. Evidence is then researched and written down. Your lecturer can choose a topic for you, or it can be left up to you. If its upon you, the better. Makes sure you decide what you are more conversant about. For instance, in the case of a film, choose the character that motivates you more. Selecting a passionate topic eases your work, and makes it easier to know how to begin an analytical essay. Brainstorm and Select a Thesis Statement Choosing a thesis statement can also be challenging for unskilled students. First, give yourself time to brainstorm and outline ideas of your topic of interest. Pick the main concepts and any texts surrounding it and do not be too quick to dispel other notions that seem unimportant. Always ensure that you have evidence for what you are presenting. You, therefore, need to dedicate plenty of time to collect this information. Lacking evidence makes your work feel like an opinion which can result in you getting low scores. It is therefore essential to gather credible sources and structure of an analytical essay. Contact Us for All Your Academic Needs Our writer will take time to think about the topics you have presented to us. You, therefore, do not have to rush, pressure yourself or mess your grades by submitting tasks that do not meet the required quality and standards. Get in touch with our experts and get tips on how to make an analytical essay that will improve your academic performance. Call us now.

Bilateral Trade between China and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bilateral Trade between China and Germany - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that   Germany’s imports and exports to China have increased by one-third over the last year. Even this year the growth trends remain steady, with bilateral trade experiencing a 28 percent jump from the same time last year. The truth of the matter is that Germany is attractive for the Chinese to invest in and vice-versa. These new trade connections have strengthened the relationship between China and Germany both politically and economically. China is looking to focus more on domestic consumption, which is something that is tempting for German companies to become a part of. On the other side of the coin, China can learn a great deal about German business practices and its advanced technology. This is very important to the Chinese economy because there is a lack of technological know-how among many Chinese manufacturing companies. Reciprocally, Germany can also do with the influx of Chinese investments because of the weakened economy within the European Union.

Mini-Project (Second) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mini-Project (Second) - Essay Example All management projects contain risks of one sort or another. These arise from interactions between the project objectives and uncertainty. A risk is â€Å"an uncertain event which, should it occur, would have an effect on achieving the objectives†. (APM PRAM Guide, 1997) The business, technical and project risks are listed below. The impact level of each risk is stated in the table, and these are given ratings and assigned priorities. Important recommendations are given on how the risks should have been managed. 6. Change in production train specification made it necessary to add another five feet to the length of the new building (only discovered when holding down bolts for the new train were laid out on site). Similarly for catalogue descriptions and specifications for other equipment 6. Manufacturing drawings for the critical long-lead equipment sat in a junior clerk’s in-tray awaiting approval and caused a two week delay and contributing to a later construction schedule conflict in tying-in the new services Uncertainty (or probability of occurrence) is classified as either very low (1), low (2), medium (3), high (4) or very high (5). The impact level is graded and scored the same. The two figures are multiplied to give the priority rating. The fact that not all stakeholders’ roles were clearly defined and especially that the project managers were not even aware of the importance of some stakeholders until much later was a great risk. For instance, â€Å"The VP Production and VP Sales and Estimating were important stakeholders who got involved in the project much later than they should have been.† (Group 1) And, the local inspection authority’s latest safety standards were not taken into account for the paint disposal arrangements. This was a potential environmental risk. The inadequate pre-planning was another great risk and an important part of this was project design, budgeting and scheduling.

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the Dissertation

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the modern world - Dissertation Example e end of this report to improve the concept of hot desking is that the organizations should propose an event in a month to socialize the employees so as they get familiarize with their behaviours and interests in order to achieve good collaboration and communication and to increase the performance efficiency. Table of Contents Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 1.1 Background 8 1.2 Research Aim: 9 1.3 Research objectives: 9 1.4 Research Questions: 10 1.5 Significance of this study: 10 1.6 Scope of this study: 10 1.7 Rationale: 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Hot desking and cost saving 12 2.3 Hot desking with greater utilisation and flexibility 13 2.4 Hot desking and Information Technology 14 2.5 Self-Categorisation Theory 15 2.6 Spatial Theory of Organisation 16 2.7 Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad 17 2.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 18 2.9 Belbin’s Team Work Theory 19 2.9 Determinants of Job Satisfaction 19 2.10 Flexible H ours; a Core Component of Hot Desking 20 2.11 Moving Towards a Model of Hybrid Organisations 20 2.12 Effective Communication Model 21 2.12.1 Impact of Work Environment on Transfer of Skills 22 2.12.2 Hot Desking Implications in Business Organisations 23 Source: (Fiehn and Miller 2009)Chapter 3: Research Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction: 26 3.2 Adopted Research Methodology: 26 3.2.1 Inductive Approach: 27 3.3 Data Collection: 27 3.3.1 Primary Research: 27 3.3.2 Sampling: 29 3.4 Basis for Analysis: 30 3.5 Limitations: 30 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion 32 4.1 Introduction 32 This chapter provides a summary and discussion of the findings from the interviews and the survey questions, which were conducted at Cisco. The researcher interviewed seven individuals from different departments of Cisco; their... This study looks into hot desking as a physical workstation, which involves multiple employees or those workers that are working on different shifts. Hot desking also means independent location working in which the workers have their own desk and they could work from anywhere according to their needs. The employees are connected to their computers and the IP phones through a virtual desktop. The practice of hot desking was brought in to the business world in 1990’s but it was not commonly used because of limited technology adoption by the companies but however, the concept is widely adopted in the modern world because organizations are moving towards saving the costs and increasing their productivity. The origin of the concept hot desking was first implemented in the navy, which was then known as ‘hot bunking’ where the sailors would share the limited bunk space in shifts. Hot desking is useful to those companies whose employees are frequently out of the office or the job description of the employees includes working out of the premises of the offices. It improves communication and collaboration at work having a highly mobile work force and releases the pressures of the budget. The frequent use of hot desking in the workplace is where when the employees are not in the office at the same time or for a very long time and their offices and desks are often vacant so the company utilizes that office space by appointing more workforces to consume valuable space and save the expenses.

Nurse Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nurse Practitioner - Essay Example The examples of various settings where primary care nurse is involved are; homes, clinics, community hospitals and mobile settings (Sines & Forbes-Burford, 2009 p.134). The acute nurse practitioner is employed by a hospital or health care system. The roles of acute nurse practitioner are mostly used in surgery, research, and trauma (Wyckoff, Houghton & LePage, 2009 p.12). The acute nurse practitioner diagnoses and manages acute episodic and chronic illness (Nagelkerk, 2006 p.14). I agree with what Barbara Orange wrote, a registered nurse practitioner who has graduate level of education could acquire advanced clinical knowledge and skills to qualify as an advanced practice nurse(Nagelkerk, 2006 p.5). A registered nurse practitioner has the freedom to choose to work with health care organizations or setup their clinics (Nagelkerk, 2006 p.14). I agree with Barbara Orange that an office setting would be best for patients because the registered nurse would have close contact with the patients (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy & OGrady, 2014). According to Hamric et al. (2014), the Institute of Medicine recommends patient-centered care as the basis of safe, effective and efficient health care. The registered nurses built up therapeutic relationships with patients as a backbone of patient-centered care (p.153). A nurse practitioner who has gone through credentialing and privileging could be allowed to practice in their scope of practice. Credentialing and privileging applied to physicians but because nurse practitioners are hired in various institutions, it becomes vital to credential nurse practitioners (Reel & Abraham, 2007 p.5). I have discovered that a nurse practitioner can work in multiple settings but, can they hold multiple credentials and use them in practice? This question puts me in a dilemma with

In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk Dissertation

In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk has become a critical competency for organisations. From th - Dissertation Example It has also grown from a hot topic, one that was dealt with only by the most prestigious companies to one that has become a necessity to every company irrespective of its size and nature of business. Companies today face a considerable number of risks also because of international factors such as globalization, outsourcing and intense competition. Therefore, it is important for all companies to satisfy their risk needs through a formal risk management system. However, careful analysis and planning must precede the entire operation. This not only helps in smoother implementation, companies can develop plans to tackle some of the inherent limitations and disadvantages of the system before hand. It will also help the company determine the best course of action with regard to the risk management strategy eventually adopted. Once selected, the actual system is guided by a number of standard processes and phases each with its own set of requirements and objectives. The entire process is of a cyclic nature that starts with the identification an analysis phase and ends with the monitoring phase for a company new to the process, whereas in existing systems all the phases are carried out continuously. This is the only way to ensure effectiveness of the system. However, it need not be an overhead and the entire process can be integrated into the schedules of the employees of the company. Senior management involvement also goes a long way in ensuring the effectiveness of the system. Once implemented as per guidelines and having taken appropriate precautions, it is possible not only to achieve a safer degree of operation within the company; other benefits can also be reaped. For instance, risk management systems can offer one of ways of developing a long term competitive advantage which is critical in today's competitive environment. Risk management systems are still evolving and are in a dynamic state. Future work that establishes better guidelines for the implementation w ill assist several companies in understanding and implementing their own systems that is based on a unique structure and satisfied demands. 1. Research Question â€Å"In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk has become a critical competency for organisations. From the perspective of an Operations Manager, present a case to the board of directors for adoption of a formal risk management process.† 1.1. Aim The aim of this report is to provide and propose to the senior management a detailed case for adopting a formal risk management process. 1.2. Objectives To achieve the aim of the report following objectives will have to be met: A. Demonstrate the importance of Risk Management Process in an organisation B. To present the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a formal risk management process C. To Analyse and Discuss why the organisation should adopt a formal risk management process D. To Conclude the findings of the report and present recommendat ions to the board 2. Literature Review

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) - Coursework Example as a company operates and the industry as a whole. Most notable threats are financial capacity of the company, rising cost of raw material and the global economy and high cost of investment and research. These are the threats that are currently present in both Ameresco Inc.and the industry they operate as a whole. These have possessed economic constraints to the firm and lowered profitability. However, there are opportunities too as the industry is experiencing reduced labor cost. In addition, there has been increased internal monetary assistance in the company and opportunities for venture capital. A significant portion of their total revenues is generated by our Canadian subsidiary, Ameresco Canada. Finally under economic threats, it is evident that future changes in exchange rate significantly between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar could so much affect the company’s operating results as major revenues are dependent on the northern America. The industry Ameresco Inc. operate is dynamic and competitive. The level of technology hence becomes a threat as new advancements in technology are required for better service delivery. As a company, Ameresco Inc. operates in a dynamic industry that is involved in designing, developing, and engineering and times installation of projects that minimizes energy, operations and maintenance costs to clients they serve and these are areas of concern should technology fail in future. The company also outsources various energy installation projects due to incapability to handle the specialized technological aspects and these is a threat. Politically, different regulations affect the conduct of not only Ameresco Inc. business, but also the industry they operate in. State and federal legislation and regulations allow them to enter into Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPCs) with government agencies in America. However, the challenge becomes the

Nurse Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nurse Practitioner - Essay Example The examples of various settings where primary care nurse is involved are; homes, clinics, community hospitals and mobile settings (Sines & Forbes-Burford, 2009 p.134). The acute nurse practitioner is employed by a hospital or health care system. The roles of acute nurse practitioner are mostly used in surgery, research, and trauma (Wyckoff, Houghton & LePage, 2009 p.12). The acute nurse practitioner diagnoses and manages acute episodic and chronic illness (Nagelkerk, 2006 p.14). I agree with what Barbara Orange wrote, a registered nurse practitioner who has graduate level of education could acquire advanced clinical knowledge and skills to qualify as an advanced practice nurse(Nagelkerk, 2006 p.5). A registered nurse practitioner has the freedom to choose to work with health care organizations or setup their clinics (Nagelkerk, 2006 p.14). I agree with Barbara Orange that an office setting would be best for patients because the registered nurse would have close contact with the patients (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy & OGrady, 2014). According to Hamric et al. (2014), the Institute of Medicine recommends patient-centered care as the basis of safe, effective and efficient health care. The registered nurses built up therapeutic relationships with patients as a backbone of patient-centered care (p.153). A nurse practitioner who has gone through credentialing and privileging could be allowed to practice in their scope of practice. Credentialing and privileging applied to physicians but because nurse practitioners are hired in various institutions, it becomes vital to credential nurse practitioners (Reel & Abraham, 2007 p.5). I have discovered that a nurse practitioner can work in multiple settings but, can they hold multiple credentials and use them in practice? This question puts me in a dilemma with

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ameresco Inc. (AMRC) - Coursework Example as a company operates and the industry as a whole. Most notable threats are financial capacity of the company, rising cost of raw material and the global economy and high cost of investment and research. These are the threats that are currently present in both Ameresco Inc.and the industry they operate as a whole. These have possessed economic constraints to the firm and lowered profitability. However, there are opportunities too as the industry is experiencing reduced labor cost. In addition, there has been increased internal monetary assistance in the company and opportunities for venture capital. A significant portion of their total revenues is generated by our Canadian subsidiary, Ameresco Canada. Finally under economic threats, it is evident that future changes in exchange rate significantly between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar could so much affect the company’s operating results as major revenues are dependent on the northern America. The industry Ameresco Inc. operate is dynamic and competitive. The level of technology hence becomes a threat as new advancements in technology are required for better service delivery. As a company, Ameresco Inc. operates in a dynamic industry that is involved in designing, developing, and engineering and times installation of projects that minimizes energy, operations and maintenance costs to clients they serve and these are areas of concern should technology fail in future. The company also outsources various energy installation projects due to incapability to handle the specialized technological aspects and these is a threat. Politically, different regulations affect the conduct of not only Ameresco Inc. business, but also the industry they operate in. State and federal legislation and regulations allow them to enter into Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPCs) with government agencies in America. However, the challenge becomes the

Social work and substance abuse Essay Example for Free

Social work and substance abuse Essay From the 1920s to the 1950s social workers were not focused on helping alcoholic or drug-dependent people. Instead back then they worked with the spouse of the chemically dependent person. Juvenile drug use was not investigated until 1952. In 1957 social workers were urged to help change public attitudes towards alcoholism. In 1970 legislation was passed that was to affect the delivery of services including social work services to alcoholic clients. Soon courses were offered at school about alcoholism. Now social workers have many different techniques used when working with substance abusers. Social workers today encounter substance abuse across all fields. Views on substance abuse have changed greatly over the past 100 years. It used to not be as prevalent as it is now. Social workers only usually were concerned with adults but they did not realize that it starts with adolescents. The public is now more aware of the effects of substance abuse, they are able to help family member to get the right treatment for their addiction. 100 years ago there were not support groups for people with substance abuse. Now there are meeting such as AA that is available for alcoholics to go and talk about the addiction and these meeting help them in the recovery process. Social workers found that it was effective having the patients talk with other patients that have gone through the same process and experiences. Ronald Reagan helped promote these changes. He got funding set up to help get the police to stop the import and sale of illegal substances. The amount of people going to jail with drug related charges started to go up. Insurance companies decided to help pay for substance abuse care that was delivered in the general hospitals. This though led to the closure of many residential treatment centers. There have been some positive and some negative changes. When social workers started to help people with substance abuse and meetings such as AA meeting were established it was very effective. I believe that substance abuse is something that is very important and needed much attention 100 years ago. I also believe that when the police started to crackdown and stop the sale of illegal drugs that was effective. I did not think that is was a good chance when the insurance companies decided to only pay for help in only general hospitals. If anything they should be covering the stay at residential treatments centers. General hospitals only keep the patient for a few days and then they let them go, that is not enough time for substance abuse patients to get better. They would be better off in treatment centers where they are able to go through detox and meet with other patients.

Domestic Violence A Recurring Problem In Modern Society Criminology Essay

Domestic Violence A Recurring Problem In Modern Society Criminology Essay Discuss its causes, effects and the legal and other remedies available to deal with the problem. Analyse whether these remedies are sufficient or not and set out how you feel the issue is best dealt with. Domestic violence is undoubtedly a serious problem in modern society. Crime statistics in Ireland indicate that the Gardai record an average of twenty three incidents of domestic violence every day (Watson and Parsons 2005). However, domestic violence is certainly not a modern phenomenon. It has existed throughout the centuries but remained largely hidden and unrecorded. Traditionally, domestic violence has been considered a private matter rather than a criminal offence. Until the 19th century it was legal and socially acceptable for men to beat their wives (Dobash and Dobash 1979). Domestic violence is often associated with physical abuse only. However, research indicates that it can take different forms: physical, sexual and psychological/emotional. In the course of this essay the causes and effects of domestic violence will be explored, drawing on research carried out in Ireland and internationally. The legal and other remedies will also be outlined and evaluated. 2. Many theories have been put forward as to the causes of domestic violence. One theory is idea of circular causality (Pressman 1989). This view implies that a woman is as responsible for her own victimization as the man who assaults her. The violence is seen as something they have both created and are both responsible for modifying. Another view explains violence by reference to the mans personal history. Research shows that men who witness their parents domestic violence are three times more likely to become wife beaters and women who witness violence as children seek out abusive men because they saw their mothers being abused (Pressman 1989). Pressman (1989) suggests witnessing violence against a Mother may make sons more prone to violence themselves as adults, they may be quick to perceive conflict and slow to see non-violent alternatives for dealing with it. However, there are no firm conclusions about childhood experiences of domestic or other abuse as a cause of adult abuse or v ictimization. Pressman (1989) points out that it is not simply a matter of modelling whereby a child witnesses a set of behaviours and proceeds to replicate them: there are powerful mediating factors that can shape a variety of outcomes. She concludes that not all violent families and not all children are the same and the replication of violence from generation to generation is not inevitable (Pressman 1989). Domestic violence is often associated with alcohol consumption, but it is unclear as to whether alcohol is the root cause of this problem. Reporting 3. on a study of married couples, Leonard finds support for a causal relationship between a husbands drinking and physical abuse of wives. However, he cautions that: †¦despite the support that the current research program has provided for a causal role of alcohol on marital aggression, it would be a mistake to overstate this role. Alcohol is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of marital aggression. The majority of aggressive episodes occur without alcohol, and men who have behaved aggressively with alcohol have often behaved aggressively without alcohol as well. The role of alcohol†¦appears to be one of a facilitative nature, a contributing cause. (Leonard cited in Watson and Parsons 2005 p.67). In their study of domestic violence in Ireland, Watson and Parsons identify a number of triggers of abusive behaviour. A trigger is an immediate precursor to the behaviour and not necessary the ultimate cause of violence (p. 174). They found that in about two out of five cases the abusive behaviour had no specific trigger or was triggered by minor incidents. In about one third of cases abuse was associated with the consumption of alcohol. The authors conclude that the results are not strongly suggestive of a primary causal link between consumption of alcohol and incidents of domestic violence. In only one quarter of cases was alcohol consumption always involved. Similarly, Margaret Martin, director of Womens Aid, points out that while there is a strong link between alcohol abuse and domestic violence, treating or dealing with the alcoholism does not necessarily stop the violence (Martin 2009). 4. However, she does acknowledge that alcohol greatly increases the risk to a woman and has clear links to increased severity in relation to physical and sexual abuse. Other contributing factors to domestic violence include social exclusion, gender inequality, poverty and having a criminal background. A number of theorists work from the understanding that domestic abuse is caused by social structures, cultural norms and other factors that endorse or do not challenge the use of control and abuse by men against their female partners (Debonnaire et al. 2004). Pressman (1989) suggests that violence against women has persisted in our society precisely because it does not contradict cultural norms in any fundamental way. She suggests that to some degree we have all been acculturated to perceive violence as an acceptable means of exercising control. Wife abuse also reflects power differentials in our society, played out in the family. Pressman (1989) points out that the groups against whom violence is accepted are groups that are socially and economically disadvantaged including women, children, racial minorities, the poor, the mentally ill. In particular she looks at the economic inequalities that affect women and their continuing exclusion from positions of power in very many sectors o f society. According to Pressman (1989) there is an obvious link between this systematic disempowering of women and their continued victimization. Domestic violence simultaneously expresses and reinforces their 5. disempowered state. The basic problem as she sees it, is not just to end violence as a behaviour (although it is obviously important) but more importantly to alter the social arrangements that violence expresses and reinforces. Women cannot be safe when at the same time they are defined as inferior and subordinate to men. The impact of domestic violence is far reaching and complex. Domestic violence is a major cause of injury, disability and death for women worldwide. Between January 1996 and June 2005, one hundred and nine women were murdered in Ireland, seventy two of these in their own homes. In those cases which have been resolved, all were perpetrated by a man and almost half were perpetrated by the womans partner or ex-partner (Debonnaire et al. 2004). Ireland is not alone, domestic violence is one of the greatest causes of death and injury amongst women worldwide (Amnesty International, 2004). The World Health Organisation has estimated that 70 per cent of female murder victims are killed by their male partners. Their recently released World Report on Violence and Health notes that whereas men are much more likely to be attacked by a stranger or an acquaintance than by someone within their close circle of relationships†¦.one of the most common forms of violence against women is that perfor med by a husband or male partner (World Health Organisation 2001). The Council of Europe has stated that violence in the family is the major cause of death and disability for women between the 6. ages of 16 and 44 years. Domestic violence results in more death and ill- health in women than cancer or road traffic accidents (Kerr 2004). Similarly child homicide is often linked to domestic violence, where the male abuser is abusing the women and the child(ren). Children who are not being abused may be physically harmed when they try to protect parents or are caught in the crossfire (Debonnaire et al. 2004). Apart from physical injury, domestic violence is also linked to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems. Both women and men who have been abused report negative emotional consequences (Watson and Parsons 2005). However, women are more likely than men to have been very frightened or distressed by this abuse and to report that the experience had a major impact on their lives (ibid. p25). Watson and Parsons also found that more women than men reported a loss of confidence. In some instances emotional abuse was found to be even more traumatic than physical attacks. Almost half of the severely abused respondents including those who had suffered severe physical or sexual abuse listed an emotional incident as being the worst thing that had happened to them (ibid. p.25). The research also found a clear link between abuse and marital breakdown. Domestic abuse can have an impact on other aspects of the victims life, including work and accommodation. Watson and Parsons found that two 7. in five of those severely abused had to take time off work, while nearly one in eight had to leave a job. In some cases it can lead to homelessness (OHalloran 2009). It is also a major cost to the exchequer in health care for the victims (Debonnaire et al. 2004). Ireland now has a network of womens support services and mens programmes, a civil and criminal justice framework, a specialist policy for the police and other elements of domestic abuse intervention. There has been public debate about effective ways of responding to and preventing domestic abuse (Task Force Report, 1997). The Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform of the government of Ireland coordinates a Steering Committee on Violence against Women. Various sub-committees of the steering committee include one focused on work with perpetrators (Debonnaire 2004).. Traditionally attempts to intervene in domestic violence focused on abused women and their children. In recent years, however, there has been a shift to include a focus on the man who has perpetrated the abuse. on the perpetrator of the abuse. New policies have been adopted which focus on pro-active forms of intervention and prosecution. As part of these interventions treatment programmes for men have been introduced. The Dulaith Abuse Intervention Project (Dulaith DAIP) was the worlds first project to place intervention programmes as part of a co-ordinated 8. community response that aimed to hold men to account for their behaviour, enhance womens safety, sanction abusers appropriately and teach men not to abuse (Debonnaire 2004). There are currently fifteen intervention programmes working with domestic abusers in Ireland. Through working with perpetrators, these organisations are trying to increase the safety, and reduce the risks to their partners and children (Debonnaire et al. 2004). Numerous evaluations of intervention programmes have been carried out. Some results appear to show that programmes had limited or no effect on mens behaviour or womens safety. Others show that some programmes can have a positive effect on womens safety and on reducing mens abuse, particularly as part of a co-ordinated community response involving the criminal justice system and womens support services (Dobash et al, 2002; OConnor, 1998 cited in Debonnaire 2004). The legal protection for victims of domestic violence in Ireland includes elements from both the criminal and civil systems. The Domestic Violence Act 1996 enables spouses, cohabitees and parents to apply for orders, with certain property and residency restrictions. It enacted provisions of the Family Law Act 1981, making breach of domestic violence order an arrestable offence and allowing Gardai to arrest an offender for suspected actual bodily harm or grievous bodily 9. harm without witnessing the violence. The Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997 addresses criminal aspects of domestic violence, making most forms of physical violence used by domestic abusers a crime. Victims of domestic violence can apply for three type of civil orders: protection orders (an interim order, which the court can make while a full hearing is pending for one of the other orders), safety orders (which prohibits violence or threats of violence, molesting or watching the place where the applicant or dependant person resides) and barring orders which prohibits the person from entering the place where the applicant resides also prohibits violence, threats of violence, molesting or watching the place where the applicant or dependant person resides). According to Nester (2007) it is clear from a High Court decision in the case of McA -v- McA (1981) that it is not necessary to prove actual or threatened violence in order to avail of a barring order. The wife in the above mentioned case claimed that her health had been adversely effected by her husbands continued lack of communication. Judge Costello granted a barring order on the grounds that the husbands conduct had seri ously affected the welfare of the wife. In cases where the Court believes there is an immediate risk of significant harm to the applicant or dependant child, or that a protection order may not be sufficient to protect the applicant, an interim barring order may be granted. This order has the same effect as a 10. barring order, and lasts until the Court determines the application for the barring order. Safety orders can last up to five years and barring orders for up to three years and can be renewed after that (Nester 2007). According to Margaret Martin (2006) Director of Womens Aid, the 1996 Domestic Violence Act falls short in a number of significant areas, leaving many victims of domestic violence unable to access protection in the civil courts. She states the Act specifies where a cohabitee wishes to apply for a barring order, two key conditions must be satisfied: the applicant must have lived with the respondent for six of the previous nine months in aggregate. They must be able to prove an equal or greater interest in the property. To apply for a safety order, the applicant must have lived with the respondent for six of the previous 12 months in aggregate. Ms Martin (2009) argues that these restrictions have prevented many women from accessing protection. Some may have been living with their partners for too short a period or many may be separated from him too long. Others may not have lived with their abuser at all. Separation she says is often the most dangerous time for a woman with the abuse becoming more frequent, severe and dangerous. Ten per cent of callers to the Womens Aid helpline in 2008 were being abused by former partners who were not married. Ms Martin (2009) also points out that there are no legal provisions for women in dating relationships. She states that the law is powerless to protect women who were never married or have never 11. lived with the abuser. This also applies to women who have children but do not live with the father of the child, they cannot apply for domestic violence orders because they do not fit the cohabitation requirements. This falls short of UN guidelines for domestic violence legislation, which state that legislation should apply at a minimum to individuals who are or who have been in an intimate relationship, including marital, non-marital, same-sex and non-cohabiting relationships (Martin 2009). A number of groups including Womens Aid, the Law Society, the Law Reform Commission, the Government Task Force on Violence against Women and Amnesty Ireland, have called for the 1996 Domestic Violence Act to be amended in order to address these issues. Holland (2009) states that unacceptable delays in the family courts are causing women, intimidated by violent spouses and partners, to drop applications for barring orders. She points out that the first port of call for a woman seeking a barring or protection order against a violent or abusive man is the District Court. Currently women face an eleven week wait between applying for an order and a court hearing. Within that period she says many women come under enormous pressure to withdraw their applications. She argues that the abuser has a lot of time to work on the victim. She said once an application is withdrawn it is unlikely the woman, who would be further demoralised, would re-enter it. A report published by Amnesty Internationa l points out that of 8,452 incidents of 12. domestic violence reported to the Garda in 2003, less than half resulted in barring orders from the courts. It looked at convictions of perpetrators in the courts, figures indicate that successful prosecutions occurred in only 7.7 per cent of these cases. The report also states that there has not been a single conviction for marital rape in this country, despite specific legislation making it a crime since 1990 and its frequent occurrence as reported by victims to organisations such as Womens Aid (Raferty 2005). Womens refuges prov

Poetry Comparison on Wordsworths Lucy and Tennysons Dark house, by wh

Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by which once more I stand Wordsworth's and Tennyson's poems are both about someone who was close to them and is now gone. However Tennyson uses the physical surroundings to portray his emotions as well as his own reactions whereas Wordsworth's poem is less specific and less obvious about his feelings, focusing his attention on the lost person. Tennyson's poem is more about himself, "I stand, my heart, Behold me, for I cannot sleep, I creep". Because he describes his own actions, the poem is very self absorbed and the reader doesn't get to know about the person that is now gone. On the other hand, Wordsworth does focus his attention on the lost person and in fact the whole poem is about her: only at the end does he refer back to himself, "The difference to me!" Both poems use metaphors and produce vivid imagery. Wordsworth describes Lucy throughout most of the poem whereas Tennyson is focused on his own feelings and the description of the physical surroundings is used to mirror these emotions. Here, Wordsworth is describing Lucy and refers to her as being shy and unique as there were none to compare her with; the violet being a symbol for a timid personality. "A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden by the eye! Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky" Tennyson by contrast doesn't resort to metaphors to describe his friend. All Tennyson's descriptions are emotive, "Dark house, by which once more I stand Here in the long unlovely streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And ghastly through the drizzling rain On the bald street breaks the blank day." he sets the depre... ...narrative poem and more of a description then a sequence of actions like Tennyson's poem. In comparison, the basic meter in Tennyson's poem is iambic tetrameter with irregular stresses such as the two long stresses at the beginning, "Dark house," resulting in a slower and heavy atmosphere which portrays how he feels. He also uses enjambment rather then pauses at the end of each line like Wordsworth, as he is narrating his actions and again producing a gloomy effect. To conclude, the poems have their similarities but the main difference is how the emotions are portrayed -Tennyson's furtive behaviour as well as the morbid surroundings and Wordsworth's subtle description of Lucy and her life. In the end it is clear that they both feel that they have lost someone important and it has made a difference to their lives. Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by wh Poetry Comparison on Wordsworth's Lucy and Tennyson's Dark house, by which once more I stand Wordsworth's and Tennyson's poems are both about someone who was close to them and is now gone. However Tennyson uses the physical surroundings to portray his emotions as well as his own reactions whereas Wordsworth's poem is less specific and less obvious about his feelings, focusing his attention on the lost person. Tennyson's poem is more about himself, "I stand, my heart, Behold me, for I cannot sleep, I creep". Because he describes his own actions, the poem is very self absorbed and the reader doesn't get to know about the person that is now gone. On the other hand, Wordsworth does focus his attention on the lost person and in fact the whole poem is about her: only at the end does he refer back to himself, "The difference to me!" Both poems use metaphors and produce vivid imagery. Wordsworth describes Lucy throughout most of the poem whereas Tennyson is focused on his own feelings and the description of the physical surroundings is used to mirror these emotions. Here, Wordsworth is describing Lucy and refers to her as being shy and unique as there were none to compare her with; the violet being a symbol for a timid personality. "A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden by the eye! Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky" Tennyson by contrast doesn't resort to metaphors to describe his friend. All Tennyson's descriptions are emotive, "Dark house, by which once more I stand Here in the long unlovely streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And ghastly through the drizzling rain On the bald street breaks the blank day." he sets the depre... ...narrative poem and more of a description then a sequence of actions like Tennyson's poem. In comparison, the basic meter in Tennyson's poem is iambic tetrameter with irregular stresses such as the two long stresses at the beginning, "Dark house," resulting in a slower and heavy atmosphere which portrays how he feels. He also uses enjambment rather then pauses at the end of each line like Wordsworth, as he is narrating his actions and again producing a gloomy effect. To conclude, the poems have their similarities but the main difference is how the emotions are portrayed -Tennyson's furtive behaviour as well as the morbid surroundings and Wordsworth's subtle description of Lucy and her life. In the end it is clear that they both feel that they have lost someone important and it has made a difference to their lives.

The Dramatic Effect of El Nino on Southern Californias Seal and Sea Lion Population :: Animals Nature Environment essays Climate

At the beginning of our winter season, El Nino left some dramatic effects on our seal and sea lion population here in Southern California. Since June of 1997, about 6,000 sea mammals have perished on this San Miguel Island, 50 miles off the Ventura coast. This island is home to the largest population of seals and sea lions south of Alaska. Scientists estimate that there are approximately between 85,000 and 180,000 California sea lions breeding on this island and other Channel Islands. There are about 11,000 Northern Fur Seals on San Miguel Island. The adult sea lions go to northern California and British Columbia after they breed, while the pups are left behind around the central coast. In one of the most physical demonstrations of El Nino, oceanic warming drove away much of their food supply: squid, anchovies, herring, and sardines. The pups are spending most of their energy in search of colder waters for their daily intake of 30 pounds of food. Experts in marine biology are strictly observing and documenting the famine, not attempting to rescue the dying animals. They have been conducting studies on this island since the 1960s. Several rescue groups, such as Sea World located in San Diego, were ready to bring back the starving pups. However, the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibits them from going to the remote island and disturbing their natural habitat. Experts would rather wait for the mammals to get washed up ashore than to separate a pup from its mother. The goal is to minimize human impacts. Scientists are now trying to learn from the mistakes they made when studying the effects of the 1983 El Nino. There was a research project conducted on the marine ecosystem at the Punta San Juan de Marcona sea lion reserve, a remote point of land on the coast about three hundred miles south of Lima, Peru. The project consisted of an in-depth study of the sea lion and the ecosystem it inhabits; it focused primarily on the behavior of more than fifteen thousand sea lions, the largest sea lion colony in the South American Pacific. Documenting the sea lions living traits for over 10 years, the biologists are also observing behavioral changes produced by El Nino, the same Pacific current that altered oceanic conditions. When El Nino dampens the point in warmer water, the sea lions' prey swims deeper. Consequently, the pups remain with their mothers longer, until they are able to dive themselves to hunt for food.

Ethics Game Simulation Essay

In simulation game, two dilemmas were presented. The first case is happened to a 16-year-old mother, RB. She is in her tenth hour of labor. Her parents are at bedside with her. Because of religious belief, they have chosen to limit the amount of medication and other medical assistance. Due to the length of her labor, her unborn child’s situation is getting worse. RB has not received any medication so far. Because of her fear and distress, fetal distress has been increasing gradually. RB’s brother stated that their parents want the staff hold the painkiller and treatment because they punish her for getting pregnant before she was married. RB is still a minor, her parents are informed of her health status, but we are not sure whether or not they understand how dangerous her situation could get. In the second case, one of the ICU patient, AT, was brought to the hospital by his domestic partner, YM. YM was accompanied with him while both of them were in the ER, but he was n ot allowed to visit his partner in the ICU. The shift supervisor nurse stated she would follow the rules and allow actual family members visit the patient. AT has been unconscious for one day and no definitive diagnosis has been reached. He was in critical condition and cannot make decision by himself. There is no related information on patient’s file whether or not approve or refuse the current treatment. In order to address ethically, I need to be attentive. So I have to identify the real dilemma first. In the first case, the teen and her unborn child need medical care but her parents are the legal guardian that have legal responsibility for her care. Now I have already now the problem, the next step is to be intelligent. I need to use my critical thinking skill to evaluate the facts. Also, I need to think about my obligation to my patient and how my decision affects each person involved in this case. Hence, the decision needs to be fair, fulfill my duty, and reasonable. I have to assure that the patient and her unbor n child get appropriate medical care, her parents’ wishes are being honored, and I will follow hospital’s policies and  rules. After careful consideration, my decision is to ask the assigned nurse to call a physician to make sure the mother and baby are assessed medically, they will get appropriate and necessary care, and both of them will be safe. Meanwhile, I will contact the chaplain to make sure patient’s parents’ values are respected by the medical care team. In the second case, I have to identify patient’s domestic partner’s rights and each person’s emotional state. Then I have to consider how to perform my job duty responsibly and my obligations to the patient, and patient’s best interest. The issue they have now is how to assure access for same-sex partner’s patients on equal footing with heterosexual couples. Because the same-sex partner do have some rights in this situation such as right to make decision for an unconscious family member. Since my patient, AT, is still unconscious and he can’t make any decisions for himself. So, my decision is to give YM access to his loved one and treats him as family. I will also speak to my supervisor about my decision. When utilizing ethical lenses, it will guide me make a sound decision. In the first case, I used right/responsibilities lens and results lens. The right/responsibilities lens focuses on duties and obligations, and be ethically acceptable. The results lens focuses on the duties and what meets individual desires, which means I have to consider how my action will affect each person. Hence, I have to combine all the analysis and my knowledge to make a sound decision in order to satisfy each person’s ethical desires. The second case, I used relationship lens and reputation lens. The relationship lens focuses on being fair. In order to be fair, I have to use my power appropriately and everyone’s rights as a person. For instance, I need to know the patient’s domestic partner’s rights and what kind access I can give to him. The reputation lens guides me focus on the virtues of each person. The rights/responsibilities lens allow me to consider my duty as a nurse and how to accomplish my duty. My patient and her baby’s safety ar e my top priority. Hence, I have to call the physician and notify him that my patient needs medical care. When using the results lens, I need to consider how to create a satisfied result to meet my patient and her family member’s needs and honor patient’s parents’ wishes as well. Hence, I have to contact the chaplain to comfort patient’s parents in order to meet their spiritual needs. The relationship lens allow me to consider my patient and his domestic partner’s rights. Hence, before I make a decision. I look at  hospital’s policy and rules. I want to make sure I give my patient’s partner his rights to access his loved one while I am still implementing hospital protocols. The reputation lens leads me to think about how to be a good nurse and how to provide best care for my patient. Also, I have to let my supervisor understand my decision and my standard as an employee and a nurse. As a home health nurse, we meet patients who from countries and who has different beliefs, and cultural backgrounds. I think when I have an ethical conflict, I have to assess the situation and gather data instead of making assumptions. After I collect data, I need to think about how the decision will impact each person involved in this case (right/responsibilities lens). As a nurse, I also need to remember ANA Code of Ethics. I have to remind myself I need to References EthicsGame.com, LLC. (2007). The troubled teen and policies an politics. Retrieved from: http://www.ethicsgame.com References Guido, G. W. (2010). Legal & ethical issues in nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.